American Bar

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Country Name	Legal descriptions
INDIA	The term for a lawyer in India is Advocate; they are of two classes: senior advocates and other advocates. Partnerships of two or more Advocates are permitted and will be governed by the Partnership Act; such a partnership is referred to as a Law Firm. The educational requirement for becoming an Advocate is a Law Degree from a recognised Indian university. Only an Advocate whose name is entered on the rolls of a State Bar Council is entitled to practice law in India. An Advocate may appear only before the courts of the state in which he or she is enrolled. An Advocate enrolled in one state generally may appear in the courts of another state on an occasional basis; setting up a regular practice in another state requires that enrollment with the State Bar Council be transferred to that state. Foreign lawyers are not permitted to set up practice in India, although they may appear under special permission of the Court on a case-by-case basis. The Notary in India must be a legal practitioner and is appointed by the central or state government to a three-year term. His functions, generally, are to authenticate or attest to the execution of any instrument and administer oaths or take affidavits from any person. There are eighteen recognised languages in India; the official language of a court is the regional language or English.
ROMANIA	The term for a lawyer in Romania is Avocat. Partnerships are not permitted. The requirements for admission to practice are a law degree from one of the three universities in Romania, two years of supervised practical training and successful completion of the Bar Examination. Avocats are required to have five years' experience before they may appear before the courts of second degree, and ten years' experience for appearance before the Supreme Court. The Notary in Romania must have a law degree and complete a two-year apprenticeship. A Notary prepares, authenticates and preserves documents. The official language of the courts is Romanian, however the local dialect may also be used.
RUSSIA	The term for a lawyer in Russia is Advokat. Cooperatives and other legal alliances are allowed. The requirements for admission to practice are a law degree and acceptance into a college (collegia) of advokats. Members of each college (collegia) are assigned to legal consultation offices, located primarily in urban areas. Attorneys do not have exclusive right of audience; individuals may represent themselves in courts of law. Foreign lawyers may appear before the courts on consent of the court. The principal language of the courts is Russian, but legal proceedings may be conducted in the local language of the region.
ECUADOR	The term for a lawyer in Ecuador is Abogado. Partnerships are permitted. The requirements for admission to practice are a law degree, followed by registration with the Supreme Court. After admission to practice, an Abogado may appear before any court in Ecuador. A Licenciado must complete a four-year university course; practice is limited to procedural matters and the preparation of documents. The Notary Public in Ecuador is appointed to a six-year term by a Superior Court after successfully completing a special examination. A Notary Public draws up, authenticates and preserves documents. The official language of the courts is Spanish.
TUNISIA	The term for a lawyer in Tunisia is Avocat or Mohamy. Partnerships are permitted. The requirements for admission to practice are a Licence en Droit from the Université de Tunis or an equivalent diploma, successful completion of the examination for the Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat, followed by a two-year apprenticeship. After admission to practice, an Avocat may appear before any court in Tunisia except the Cour de Cassation, where admission is generally granted to Avocats with ten years of practice who must submit case samples to the Dean of Barristers. The Notaire (notary) in Tunisia is not required to have formal training; however, the number of notaries is strictly limited and applicants must pass a competitive examination held each year to fill any vacancies. A Notaire draws up, authenticates and preserves documents. The official language of the courts is Arabic.
HUNGARY	The term for a lawyer in Hungary is Ugyved. Partnerships are permitted. Foreign partnerships may be established with the condition that the lawyers or legal offices possess knowledge of the language of the partner in question. The requirements for admission to practice are five years university education, successful final examination for a doctor's degree, three years practice as a lawyer-candidate and successful completion of admission examinations. The Hungarian Bar Association was established in 1875 and is the central organization of twenty territorial bar associations. The governing body of the Hungarian Bar Association is the Plenary Assembly, consisting of 100 members elected at the General Meeting of each of the territorial bar associations. The Plenary Assembly can prepare regulations and give directions, which are obligatory for both lawyers and bar associations. Only those persons who belong to one of the bar associations can carry on legal activity in Hungary, and all lawyers who successfully complete a final law examination have the civic right to become a member of one of the bar associations. A member of a bar association can possess an office only in the territory of his bar association; however, he may proceed in cases throughout the country. Foreign lawyers may not appear before Hungarian courts, with the exception of reciprocal cases between the relating countries. A foreign lawyer may carry on legal practice as legal advisor, but only together with a Hungarian lawyer. Lawyers established in the EC as European Community counsels may offer legal services including appearing before courts, with the restriction that in cases of compulsory legal representation a cooperation with a domestic lawyer is requested. The Notary Public in Hungary is commissioned by the Ministry of Justice after completing education requirements similar to that of a lawyer. A Notary Public makes or attests documents and carries on probates of a will. The official language of the courts is Hungarian.
BELIZE	The term for a lawyer in Belize is Attorney at Law. Partnerships are permitted. The requirements for admission to practice are a law degree from the University of the West Indies, followed by two years of practical training under the Council for Legal Education which results in a Professional Certificate. After admission to practice, an Attorney at Law may appear before any court in Belize. It is possible for lawyers from other English-speaking Caribbean jurisdictions and from the United Kingdom to obtain temporary rights of audience. The Notary in Belize must be an Attorney at Law and is appointed by the Prime Minister with the advice of the Chief Justice. A Notary authenticates and preserves documents. The official language of the courts is English.
BANGLADESH	The term for a lawyer in Bangladesh is Advocate. Partnerships are permitted. The requirements for admission to practice are an LL.B. degree, a six-month articleship and successful completion of the Advocateship examination. Advocates may appear before the District Courts upon admission, but must have two years experience before they are allowed to practice in the High Court Division of the Supreme Court, and five years experience before appearing in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The Notary Public in Bangladesh is appointed and authorized by the government. A Notary Public authenticates and preserves documents. The official language of the High Court and Appellate Divisions of the Supreme Court is English. The official language of the District Courts is Bengali, although English may be used.
SRI LANKA	The term for a lawyer in Sri Lanka is Attorney-at-Law. Partnerships are permitted. The requirements for admission to practice are successful completion of a three-year course of study at the Sri Lanka Law College, followed by a six-month apprenticeship with a senior Attorney-at-Law. After admission to practice, an Attorney-at-Law may appear before any court in Sri Lanka. The Notary Public in Sri Lanka must complete certain requirements including passing an examination before being appointed to practice. An Attorney-at-Law may also practice as a Notary Public upon obtaining a license. The license authorizes the Notary Public to practice in the area and languages or languages as specified. The official language of the courts is Sinhala, but court records are also kept in Tamil in eastern and northern Sri Lanka. Many cases are conducted in English with records maintained in the vernacular.
BELGIUM	The term for a lawyer in Belgium is Avocat (French), Advocaat (Dutch) or Rechtsanwalt (German). Partnerships are permitted in accordance with the rules of the respective bar associations. The requirements for admission to practice are a law degree from a Belgian university (five years) and the admission to practice by the local bar authority. This practice begins with a three-year apprenticeship. From the beginning, an Avocat, Advocaat or Rechtsanwalt may appear before any court in Belgium except the Supreme Court, known as the Cour de Cassation (French), Hof van Cassatie (Dutch) or Kassationshof (German), which requires special admission according to Article 478 Judicial Code that determines in civil cases only lawyers who bear the title of lawyer by the Cour of Cassation can appear before said court. Lawyers established in other countries of the European Union may practice under their home title according to regulations outlined in Council Directive 77/249/EEC of March 22, 1977 to facilitate the effective exercise by lawyers to provide services and the Directive 98/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 16, 1998 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained. The Notaire (French), Notaris (Dutch) or Notar (German) in Belgium must earn a law degree and a Licence en Notariat or Licenciaat in het Notariaat, a special degree that takes one year to complete. The three official languages of the courts are Dutch in the Flemish part of the country and in Brussels, French in the Walloon part of the country and in Brussels, and German in the German speaking part of the country.
THAILAND	The term for a lawyer in Thailand is Attorney-at-Law. The requirements for admission to practice are a law degree from a recognized university in Thailand, followed by the attending of a course and passing of an examination organized by the Lawyers Council of Thailand. The Attorney-at-Law candidate must also be a member of the Thai Bar and obtain a practicing license from the Lawyers Council of Thailand. After admission to practice, an Attorney-at-Law may appear before any court in Thailand. The official language of the courts is Thai.

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